Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986) is widely recognized as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century — a figure whose work bridges American modernism, abstraction, and the natural world. Her large-scale flowers, desert bones, and New Mexico landscapes have become cultural icons, yet her style defies easy categorization.
This article explores the evolution of O’Keeffe’s work, the recurring themes that define her legacy, and how her art fits into broader historical and aesthetic conversations.
Born in Wisconsin in 1887, O’Keeffe studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League in New York. Early on, her training focused on traditional realism, but she soon grew restless with academic conventions. A key shift occurred around 1915, when she began producing abstract charcoal drawings that emphasized form, rhythm, and emotion over representation.
These works caught the attention of photographer and gallerist Alfred Stieglitz, who exhibited her drawings at his gallery, 291, and eventually became her husband. Their relationship played a significant role in her exposure to avant-garde circles and in shaping the early trajectory of her career.
Georgia O’Keeffe’s artistic voice is often associated with specific imagery — namely flowers, skulls, and Southwestern landscapes — but her style is more nuanced than those familiar subjects suggest. Her work is characterized by clarity, precision, and an ability to isolate form in a way that transforms the ordinary into something monumental and meditative.
Key characteristics of her style include:
O’Keeffe’s flower paintings in particular have often been misinterpreted as overtly symbolic. While some critics read them as feminine or erotic metaphors, O’Keeffe herself rejected such labels, insisting her aim was to encourage viewers to slow down and truly look.
In the late 1920s, O’Keeffe began visiting New Mexico, eventually making it her permanent home by the mid-1940s. The Southwestern landscape — with its dry air, sun-bleached bones, adobe structures, and vast open skies — became a dominant influence on her later work.
She painted the region’s iconic geography repeatedly: the red cliffs of Ghost Ranch, the flat plains of Abiquiú, and spiritual abstractions of the sky. These works introduced a new sense of place and scale into her paintings, often combining realism with deep abstraction.
Bones, in particular, became a recurring subject — not as morbid objects, but as enduring symbols of nature’s sculptural beauty. Suspended against empty skies or set into sunlit landscapes, they serve as quiet meditations on time, structure, and fragility.
O’Keeffe’s work resists classification. Though associated with American modernism, she neither followed the European avant-garde nor completely conformed to regionalist traditions. Her independence of vision was key to her longevity and critical acclaim.
She is often described as one of the first great American women artists, but it’s perhaps more accurate to say she was among the most fiercely independent — and widely respected — artists of her time, full stop.
Major retrospectives of her work have been held at institutions including the Whitney Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Tate Modern. Her paintings are part of major public and private collections worldwide.
O’Keeffe’s artworks are among the most valuable by any American artist, particularly her flower paintings. In recent years, individual works have fetched tens of millions of dollars at auction, with the record set in 2014 when Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 sold for $44.4 million — the highest price ever paid for a work by a female artist at the time.
Beyond the market, her legacy includes the Georgia O’Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, which preserves not only her art but also her home, studio, and personal archives. She remains a touchstone for contemporary artists exploring nature, abstraction, and identity.
Georgia O’Keeffe redefined what it meant to look — to really see — the world around us. Her work magnifies beauty in the often-overlooked: a petal’s edge, a distant mesa, a hollowed bone. Through clarity of form and disciplined composition, she helped shape an American visual identity that continues to influence generations.
Whether admired for her technique, vision, or independence, O’Keeffe stands as a foundational figure in modern art — one whose work feels as immediate today as it did nearly a century ago.